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Shoulders of Giants: Rules of Evidence
In this series we have reviewed some (mostly) famous examples of research in medical science that illustrate paths to future success:...

H. Paul Putman III, MD
Mar 23, 20213 min read
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Shoulders of Giants: Can Seeing Be Believed?
We have been exploring the important differences between retrospective and prospective studies, clarifying that the latter offer the...

H. Paul Putman III, MD
Mar 10, 20213 min read
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Shoulders of Giants: Design/Element
It is apocryphal that the psychiatric uses of lithium were discovered due to high levels of the element in the drinking water of cities...

H. Paul Putman III, MD
Jan 19, 20214 min read
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Shoulders of Giants: Looking Forward or Backward?
It seems hardly arguable that one of the greatest public health triumphs of the twentieth century was the linkage of cigarette smoking...

H. Paul Putman III, MD
Jan 1, 20214 min read
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Shoulders of Giants: Standing Up to the Crowd
“If you want something done right, do it yourself.”[1] Most current research is published with multiple authors, a mean of 11-18 in three...

H. Paul Putman III, MD
Dec 20, 20203 min read
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Shoulders of Giants: Theoretical Biology
Question: How many experiments did James Watson and Francis Crick perform to determine the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?...

H. Paul Putman III, MD
Dec 13, 20203 min read
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Shoulders of Giants: Lessons from Great Research
"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants." Isaac Newton, 1675 Modern society owes much to the Enlightenment...

H. Paul Putman III, MD
Dec 13, 20201 min read
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